The paper explores the economic and geopolitical dimensions of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) operation. The development of nuclear energy in Armenia is examined in the context of the country’s long-term strategic interests. Special attention is paid to the prospects for increasing electricity exports within the framework of the North–South electricity corridor. The ANPP is characterized as a cornerstone of Armenia’s energy security. It is established that the ongoing transformation of the country’s energy sector, with a focus on solar power and a gradual reduction in the share of nuclear generation in the energy mix, entails significant risks and threats to energy security and sustainability. The article evaluates how Türkiye and Azerbaijan instrumentalize environmental discourse as part of their political and informational campaigns against the ANPP. This study examines the specifics of Russian-Armenian relations in the nuclear energy sector. It demonstrates that amid growing geopolitical competition in the South Caucasus, a number of extra-regional actors are seeking to establish their presence in Armenia’s nuclear energy industry. The proposals from Russia and the United States concerning the construction of a new nuclear power unit in the republic are considered separately. A comparative analysis has established that the project proposed by Russia appears to be the most feasible for Armenia.

Amid growing geopolitical tensions, economic sanctions have become a key instrument of coercion in international relations. However, their long-term consequences and the mechanisms of national economies’ adaptation to sanction pressure remain an area requiring systematic study, which determines the relevance of this research.
The purpose of this study is to identify patterns and key mechanisms of national economic adaptation to sanction pressure based on a comparative analysis of the historical experiences of the USSR, Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea.
The article presents a comparative analysis of the historical experience of adaptation to sanctions in four countries: the USSR, Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea. The research relies on the historical-economic method and a comparative approach, which make it possible to identify both universal patterns and specific features of adaptation strategies in different political and economic systems.
The article identifies the key factors determining economic resilience. It establishes that effective adaptation mechanisms include diversification of foreign trade relations and logistical corridors, the creation of alternative financial institutions and instruments (national payment systems, crypto-assets), as well as accelerated technological import substitution in strategic industries. It is shown that the effectiveness of these measures is determined by the type of economic system, the degree of its diversification, and, most importantly, the timeliness and comprehensiveness of their implementation.
The comparative analysis makes it possible to outline a set of measures for modern states under sanction pressure. Empirical evidence demonstrates that, despite the absence of a universal model, successful adaptation is possible through a synthesis of state strategic planning, stimulation of domestic markets, and active pursuit of alternative economic partners. The identified patterns are valuable for developing effective policies in the field of economic security.

This study examines Türkiye’s strategy for the development of renewable energy sources (RES). The article analyzes key policy documents, strategic plans, and legislative acts in the energy sector. It highlights that these documents view the expansion of renewable energy as a central element in diversifying Turkey’s energy system and reducing its dependence on external energy supplies. The plans also emphasize a degree of technology localization aimed at strengthening the industrial sector and developing domestic production capabilities. The authors outline that Türkiye’s “green strategy” is being shaped in alignment with the European Union’s energy transition agenda and serves as a reference point for Ankara in formulating its renewable energy policy. The article presents Türkiye’s key medium-term indicators in the field of renewable energy, which are expected to support the transition toward a sustainable and resource-efficient economy – an essential factor in enhancing the country’s competitiveness on the global stage. Additionally, the paper provides data on renewable energy capacity, including hydroelectric, solar, and wind power generation. The study concludes that the renewable energy sector in Türkiye is developing dynamically, enabling Ankara to gradually reduce its dependence on external energy sources.

This article examines the international expansion of the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) as a key example for understanding the interrelation between state power and corporate governance in the global energy sector. CNPC is both the largest state-owned enterprise in China’s oil and gas industry and a political instrument of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which influences management incentives, strategic decisions, and overseas projects. The study employs an institutional analysis supported by comparative examples from Africa and Latin America. It explores CNPC’s governance structure, state-backed financial and diplomatic support mechanisms, and the implementation of specific international projects. The authors pay special attention to the discrepancies between economic objectives and political directives. The experiences of Venezuela, Sudan, Chad, and Ecuador demonstrate that CNPC tends to thrive in environments marked by weak institutional frameworks and limited transparency, where intergovernmental agreements and long-term political commitments provide leverage. At the same time, its activities produce mixed outcomes for host countries, including investments in infrastructure development alongside increased debt, environmental risks, and governance challenges. The article concludes that CNPC represents a case of “state-led globalization”, in which state enterprises operate simultaneously as market actors and instruments of national strategy, highlighting the broader implications of China’s rise across the Global South.

Offshore wind energy represents one of the priority vectors for the development of renewable energy, playing a crucial role in the global energy transition and the achievement of sustainable development goals. In the context of the need for economic decarbonization and diversification of the energy balance, countries with sea access gain a strategic advantage through the ability to harness their offshore wind potential. Azerbaijan, with an estimated technical potential of up to 157 GW in the Caspian Sea basin, stands out as a promising location for the development of offshore wind energy. Despite favorable natural and geographical conditions, no offshore projects had been implemented in the country at the time of this study. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the key barriers hindering the development of the sector, including technological, economic, and institutional challenges. The research methodology is based on the application of SWOT analysis and a scenario-based approach, which makes it possible to identify the conditions necessary for the formation of an effective offshore wind sector in Azerbaijan’s coastal zone. The authors pay special attention to the issues of government support, the development of specialized infrastructure, and the stimulation of private sector investment. Given the growing global interest in renewable energy sources, an integrated approach to the planning and implementation of offshore projects becomes particularly relevant. The article proposes several development scenarios for offshore wind energy, among which the most promising is the export of electricity via transregional energy corridors to Europe. The author emphasizes the need for a systemic and cross-sectoral approach to offshore wind energy development as a tool for sustainable growth, energy security, and decarbonization. Only with a comprehensive strategy can the full potential of offshore wind be realized and Azerbaijan be integrated into international energy value chains.

The article examines the problem of energy transition of the Persian Gulf countries. This task is of particular importance for the countries of the region, as the Gulf states depend on the extraction and export of hydrocarbon resources. At the same time, the countries of the region have different energy transition strategies. An analysis of the current situation shows that some states, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), are betting on wind and solar power. Other countries, such as the Sultanate of Oman, the Kingdom of Bahrain, and Kuwait, are beginning to adopt renewable energy sources (RES), but on a smaller scale compared to the aforementioned countries. Qatar, for its part, is focused on continuing to develop liquefied natural gas (LNG), but it is also beginning to consider projects for investment in RES. The article identifies the common approaches of the Gulf countries to the energy transition process and also highlights the specific characteristics of each state. In general, the implementation of the energy transition faces a number of challenges, including dependence on oil and gas (as they remain economically viable for consumers and exporting countries), a number of technological difficulties (i.e. the development and deployment of new technologies for RES extraction and utilization may face a lack of necessary infrastructure), lack of investment, etc. For states such as KSA (despite its extensive financial resources, it faces risks related to covering the costs of RES), Bahrain and Kuwait, energy transition poses certain risks for economic development, as it requires additional financing. At the same time, countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and, at the same time, KSA expect to receive significant benefits from the realization of the energy transition, as it will lead to economic diversification and open up additional opportunities.

The article presents a multifaceted study of the evolution of consumer cooperation as a significant socio-economic institution, which has evolved from the Soviet planned system to a modern market model. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the legal foundations and economic mechanisms of the functioning of cooperatives in different historical periods, including a detailed examination of the transformation of their role in the context of a changing socio-economic paradigm.
Based on a comparative analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet experience, the authors outline the significant potential of consumer cooperation as an effective tool for developing international economic cooperation within integration associations such as the EAEU, SCO, and BRICS. The study demonstrates that cooperative principles adapted to modern realities can ensure effective interaction among member countries of these associations.
The paper proposes specific mechanisms and organizational-legal forms for integrating consumer cooperation into the system of international economic relations, including the development of joint development programs and the establishment of coordinating bodies. Special emphasis is placed on the need to consider the historical experience of the USSR when forming prospective directions for cooperative collaboration, which allows for an optimal combination of time-tested approaches with the demands of the global economy.
The practical significance of this research lies in formulating comprehensive recommendations aimed at improving the regulatory framework and developing effective financial and economic mechanisms to support cooperative activities. The proposed measures are intended to reinforce the sector’s position within the system of international economic cooperation and to promote the sustainable development of the cooperative sector over the long term.

The article discusses the construction of the Anaklia deepwater port in the Samegrelo-Zemo-Svaneti region of Georgia. It is indicated that the very idea of building such a deep-water port arose at the end of the Soviet era, and was considered as a promising economic project after Georgia gained independence in the 1990s.
The construction project officially began during the second half of Mikheil Saakashvili’s presidency, when it was conceived as a complement to the development of the city of Lazika, envisioned as the country’s future financial hub. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the suspension of the Anaklia port project and its revival under the rule of the Georgian Dream party (2012–2025).
It focuses, in particular, on the link between the port’s construction and Georgia’s domestic political landscape, highlighting the connection between the efforts of specific Georgian financial groups to advance the Anaklia project and the internal political struggle within Georgian Dream, especially between supporters and opponents of Prime Minister G. Kvirikashvili.
Special attention is given to the geopolitical importance of the Anaklia port project, emphasizing its role in the competition between China and the United States for political and economic influence over Georgia.